黨的十八大以來，商務部黨組始終堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，加強黨對商務工作的全面領導，堅決貫徹黨中央、國務院決策部署，內外貿發展取得歷史性成就、實現歷史性變革。
一、擴內需促消費取得新進展
消費是最終需求，商務部堅定實施擴大內需戰略，積極促進消費，擴大國內需求，發揮消費對經濟迴圈的牽引帶動作用。2021年社會消費品零售總額達44.1萬億元，比2012年增長1.1倍，最終消費貢獻率達65.4%，比2012年提高10個百分點，消費仍然是經濟穩定運作的“壓艙石”。
消費結構優化升級。服務消費持續擴大，2021年每人平均服務性消費佔居民消費比重為44.2%，比2013年提升4.5個百分點（
2013年開始統計）；2021年汽車銷量2627.5萬輛，比2012年增長36.1%，連續13年居全球首位；汽車保有量3.02億輛，比2012年增長1.5倍；新能源汽車銷量352.1萬輛，約佔全球銷量一半，連續7年位居全球首位。
新型消費蓬勃發展。網路購物成為居民消費不可或缺的渠道，我國網路零售店舖數超過2000萬家，2021年全國網上零售額13.1萬億元，其中實物商品網上零售額10.8萬
億元，佔社零總額比重達24.5%。農村電商異軍突起，2021年全國農村網路零售額達2.05萬億元，同比增長11.3%，，助力脫貧攻堅和鄉村振興。
消費平臺不斷創新。我們在上海、北京、廣州、天津、重慶五個城市，率先培育建設國際消費中心城市，打造消費升級新高地、高水準對外開放平臺，加快消費提質升級。成功舉辦首屆中國國際消費品博覽會，來自70個國家和地區（含中國）的1500多家企業參展，更好地滿足了廣大消費者對品質消費的需求。舉辦“消費促進月”“雙品購物節”“老字號嘉年華”“中華美食薈”等消費促進活動，形成了一些特色街區、網紅打卡地，進一步釋放了消費潛力。
二、現代流通體系建設實現新突破
建設現代流通體系是新發展格局中的一項戰略性任務。一直以來，商務部花大力氣推動現代流通體系建設，規模持續擴大，結構不斷升級，流通的基礎性、先導性地位進一步鞏固。2021年，批發和零售業增加值達11.0萬億元，比2012年增長1.2倍，佔GDP比重達9.7%。我國流通體系建設取得了明顯進展。
農村網路“補短板”。電子商務進農村綜合示範項目累計支援1489個縣，建設縣級物流配送中心1212個，2021年農産品網路零售額4221億元。據郵政部門統計，截至2021年底，全國快遞鄉鎮網點覆蓋率達到98%，80%以上的建制村實現快遞進村，累計建成農村“郵樂購”站點34.8萬個。
全國64%的鄉鎮郵政網點完成轉型，“郵快合作”已覆蓋31%的建制村。2021年，縣域商業建設行動新建和改造縣城綜合商貿服務中心834個、鄉鎮商貿中心1858個、村級便民商店近3.7萬個。
城市商業“增特色”。城市商業提升成效明顯，推動建設428個一刻鐘便民生活圈，帶動就業50多萬人，服務社區居民800多萬人，帶動社會投資135億元。截至2021年底，品牌連鎖便利店總數約25萬家，服務便利化、品質化水準進一步提升。在全國範圍內開展步行街改造提升試點，先後確定23條試點步行街。2020年、2021年分兩批將南京夫子廟等11條步行街確認為“全國示範步行街”。2021年，23條全國試點步行街客流量、營業額同比分別增長10.2%、16.7%。
流通效率“上臺階”。商貿流通資訊化、標準化、集約化水準持續提高，社會物流總費用與國內生産總值比率穩步下降，2021年為14.6%，較2012年下降3.4個百分點。標準托盤使用率達到35%，較2012年上升超過12個百分點。國內貿易流通體制改革發展綜合試點順利開展，取得30多項可複製推廣的經驗。促進流通發展的政策文件密集出臺，覆蓋主要行業的標準體系基本建成。基礎標準和管理標準比例由2015年的50.3%提高到2020年的77.8%。截至2021年底，現行商務領域標準共861項，其中國家標準115項，行業標準746項。覆蓋商務領域主要行業的標準體系已初步建立。
三、外貿高品質發展邁出新步伐
黨中央、國務院高度重視外貿工作。黨的十八大以來，我們紮實推進穩外貿，促進貿易創新發展，外貿發展取得歷史性成就。2009年成為貨物出口第一大國，2013年成為貨物貿易第一大國，2020年我國貨物與服務貿易總額躍居全球第一。2021年，貨物貿易總額達6.05萬億美元。貨物貿易出口的全球份額達15.1%。進口份額提高至11.9%，對全球進口增長的貢獻率達13.4%。服務貿易規模連續八年世界第二，2021年突破8000億美元，較2012年增長了70%。
綜合競爭力不斷增強。貿易自主發展能力顯著增強，2021年一般貿易方式佔我出口60.9%，比2012年提高12.7個百分點。新興市場佔我出口49.5%，比2012年提高6.2百分點。中西部地區佔我出口20%，比2012年提高5.9個百分點。民營企業佔我出口57.7%，比2012年提高20.1個百分點。高品質、高技術、高附加值産品出口快速增長，汽車出口額比2012年增長150.9%。內外貿一體化程度穩步提升，“同線同標同質”工作深入推進，“三同”公共資訊服務不斷完善。
新模式動能加速釋放。跨境電商、市場採購等新業態新模式蓬勃發展。跨境電商綜試區增至132個，區內企業建設海外倉超2000個。跨境電商進出口規模5年增長近10倍，2021年進出口1.92萬億元，同比增長18.6%。市場採購貿易方式試點增至31個，出口規模7年增長7倍，2021年出口0.93萬億元，同比增長32.1%，規模創歷史新高。外貿綜合服務企業超1500家，130多家保稅維修項目帶動就業2.4萬人，離岸貿易穩步發展。
對經濟增長貢獻增大。2021年，貨物與服務凈出口拉動GDP增長1.7個百分點，對GDP增長貢獻率達20.9%。外貿帶動全國就業約1.8億人，有力促進穩崗就業，跨境電商等新業態拓寬了社會靈活就業渠道。積極擴大進口，保障重要農産品和能源供給，增加消費品進口，滿足人民多樣化需求。貨物貿易順差6764億美元，為保持國際收支平衡發揮重要作用。
進博會實現“越辦越好”。我們已經成功舉辦了四屆進博會，累計成交額達2722.7億美元，引進了多種優質消費品和先進技術産品，讓消費者不出國門就享受全球好貨，進博會從供需兩端發力，有力促進雙迴圈良性互動。進博會已經成為新發展格局的窗口、高水準開放的載體、多邊主義的舞臺。第五屆進博會的招商招展工作已經完成了70%以上，正在緊鑼密鼓籌備中。
Major Achievements in Domestic and International Trade in the Past Decade
May 20, 2022
Ministry of Commerce
Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Party leadership group of the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) has been working under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, strengthening the Party’s overall leadership in commerce work, and resolutely implementing the decisions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. As a result, China has enabled historic achievements and transformations in developing its domestic and foreign trade.
1. New progress in expanding domestic demand and boosting consumption
Consumption represents the final demand. MOFCOM firmly implements the strategy of expanding domestic demand to boost consumption as a driving force for the economic circulation. In 2021, the total retail sales of consumer goods stood at 44.1 trillion yuan, up 110% from 2012; final consumption accounted for 65.4% of the sum, 10 percentage points higher than in 2012. These figures show that consumption remains the ballast of
economic stability.
The consumption structure has been upgraded. Services consumption is expanding. In 2021, the per capita consumption of services accounted for 44.2% of the total per capita consumption, growing by 4.5 percentage points from 2013[ Earliest statistics available.]. In 2021, China sold 26.275 million cars domestically, an increase of 36.1% compared with 2012, topping the world for 13 years in a row; the total number of cars in China reached 302 million, a 1.5-fold surge from 2012; 3.521 million new energy vehicles (NEVs) were sold, accounting for around half of all NEVs sold worldwide in that year, making China the largest NEV market for seven years straight.
New types of consumption are flourishing. Online shopping has become an indispensable channel for household consumption. China is home to over 20 million online retail stores. In 2021, it saw an online retail sales figure of 13.1 trillion yuan, with 10.8 trillion yuan for physical goods, accounting for 24.5% of the total retail sales of consumer products. Rural e-commerce has been booming, generating 2.05 trillion yuan in rural online retail sales in 2021, up by 11.3% year-on-year, contributes its unique share to poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.
Consumption platforms keep innovating. We have taken initial steps to cultivate international consumption center cities in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Tianjin and Chongqing, to build new pacesetters of consumption upgrading and platforms of high-level opening-up, and accelerate consumption improvement and upgrading. We successfully held the first China International Consumer Products Expo, in which more than 1,500 companies from 70 countries and regions (including China) participated, to better satisfy consumers’ demand for quality consumption. We have also held consumption promotion activities such as the Consumption Promotion Month, the Brand and Quality Online Shopping Festival, the Time-Honored Brands Carnival and the China Cuisine Festival, and built specialty neighborhoods and internet-famous sites, to further unleash consumption potential.
2. New breakthroughs in developing a modern distribution system
Developing a modern distribution system is a strategic task in the building of a new development paradigm. From day one, MOFCOM has been working hard to advance a modern distribution system by expanding its scale, upgrading its structure and reinforcing its fundamental and pioneering role. In 2021, the value added to the wholesale and retail sectors reached 11.0 trillion yuan, which increased by 1.2-fold from 2012 to account for 9.7% of China’s GDP, signaling remarkable progress in building a modern distribution system in China.
Weak links have been bolstered in rural areas. Under the comprehensive demonstration project of bringing e-commerce to rural areas, support has been offered to a total of 1,489 counties, 1,212 county-level logistics distribution centers were built, and the online retail sales of agricultural produce reached 422.1 billion yuan in 2021. According to postal statistics, at the end of 2021, express delivery service outlets covered 98% of all villages and townships, more than 80% of the administrative villages enjoyed express delivery services, and 348,000 ule.com stores were built. Transformation was completed for 64% of the township postal stations, and the coverage of integrated postal and express delivery stations was extended to 31% of the administrative villages. In 2021, the county-level commerce development initiative supported the construction and renovation of 834 integrated county commercial service centers, 1,858 rural malls in villages and townships, and nearly 37,000 village convenience stores.
New characteristics have been fostered in urban commerce. Urban commercial upgrading has seen significant progress. 428 15-minute community service circles have been built, which have created over 500,000 jobs, helped more than 8 million people and pooled 13.5 billion of private investment. At the end of 2021, there were around 250,000 brand-name chain convenience stores in China, and the access to and quality of their service witnessed further improvement. We have launched pilot projects for the renovation of pedestrian shopping streets nationwide. Twenty-three pedestrian shopping streets are identified as pilot pedestrian shopping streets, and 11 pedestrian shopping streets, including Nanjing’s Confucius Temple Market, were named “national demonstration pedestrian shopping streets in two batches in 2020 and 2021. In 2021, the 23 pilot streets saw a year-on-year growth of 10.2% in visits and 16.7% in revenue.
Improved distribution efficiency. We continued to promote digitalization, standardization, and intensification in commercial distribution. Total logistics cost steadily declined as a share of GDP, to 14.6% in 2021, down by 3.4 percentage points from 2012. Standard pallet utilization rate reached 35%, up by more than 12 percentage points from 2012. We rolled out the pilot program for the comprehensive reform and development of domestic trade distribution system, and gained over 30 replicable practices. We introduced a number of policies for the development of the distribution system, and put in place a basic standard system covering main industries. The proportion of basic and management standards rose from 50.3% in 2015 to 77.8% in 2020. By the end of 2021, there were 861 current standards in relation to commerce, including 115 national standards and 746 industry standards. A standard system covering the major commercial industries has taken shape.
Third, great strides in the high-quality development of foreign trade.
The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to foreign trade. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, we have taken solid steps and innovative means to keep foreign trade stable, and reached historic milestones in its development. China became the world’s largest exporter of goods in 2009, the largest trader of goods in 2013, and the world’s largest trader in goods and services in 2020. In 2021, China’s trade in goods reached USD6.05 trillion. China accounted for 15.1% of global export. China took up 11.9% of global import, contributing 13.4% to import growth worldwide. China’s trade in services has ranked second in the world for eight consecutive years, and surpassed USD800 billion in 2021, up 70% from 2012.
Stronger comprehensive competitiveness. The independent development capacity of trade has strengthened significantly. 60.9% of export in 2021 was completed through general trade, up by 12.7 percentage points from 2012. 49.5% of the export went to emerging markets, up by 6.2 percentage points from a decade ago. 20% of the export were sourced from central and western regions, up by 5.9 percentage points from 2012. Private enterprises accounted for 57.7% of export, up by 20.1 percentage points in ten years. The past decade also witnessed rapid growth in the export of high-quality, high-tech, high value-added products, most notably, a surge of 150.9% in auto export. In the past decade, domestic and foreign trade integrated steadily, thanks in part to efforts to hold the products from the same production line to the same quality standards, and enhance public information service in this regard.
Stronger impetus from new business models. Cross-border e-commerce, market procurement and other new business forms and models continued to flourish. The number of comprehensive pilot zones for cross-border e-commerce increased to 132, equipped with over 2,000 overseas warehouses. The import and export through cross-border e-commerce grew nearly 10 times in 5 years, reaching RMB1.92 trillion yuan in 2021, up 18.6% year-on-year. The pilot programs for market procurement trade increased to 31, raising the export volume by 7 times in 7 years and delivering a record high of RMB0.93 trillion in 2021, up by 32.1%. There are now over 1,500 businesses providing integrated services in support of foreign trade, including over 130 bonded maintenance service providers with 24,000 employees. Steady progress has also been made in offshore trade.
Greater contribution to economic growth. In 2021, the net export of goods and services drove up GDP by 1.7 percentage points, contributing 20.9% to GDP growth. Foreign trade contributed to stable national employment by creating about 180 million jobs, and new business models like cross-border e-commerce opened up new channels for flexible employment. We actively expanded import to ensure the supply of important agricultural products and energy, and increased consumer goods import to meet diversified needs. Trade surplus was kept at USD676.4 billion.
Greater success of the CIIE. We have held four successful sessions of the CIIE, with deals totaling USD272.27 billion. A variety of high-quality consumer goods and advanced technology products have been introduced through this platform, allowing consumers to enjoy quality products from around the world without having to traveling abroad. With the focus on both the supply and demand side, the CIIE has greatly enhanced the healthy interplay of domestic and international circulations, and become a window of the new development paradigm, and a forum to uphold high-level opening-up and multilateralism. The visitor and exhibitor promotion for the 5th CIIE is now more than 70% complete, and other preparations are well under way.
